1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:05,000 A spectacular skyscraper at the heart of a bitter rivalry. 2 00:00:05,000 --> 00:00:10,000 For months these two were jockeying over who's going to build the tallest building in the world. 3 00:00:10,000 --> 00:00:15,000 The treacherous terrain that drove a young artist to an unknown fate. 4 00:00:15,000 --> 00:00:18,000 The tracks seemed to just disappear. 5 00:00:18,000 --> 00:00:22,000 And a statue to a most unlikely political figure. 6 00:00:22,000 --> 00:00:25,000 He was held up as an example of Western democracy. 7 00:00:25,000 --> 00:00:29,000 Sometimes the greatest secrets lie in plain sight. 8 00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:33,000 These are monumental mysteries. 9 00:00:40,000 --> 00:00:42,000 New York City. 10 00:00:42,000 --> 00:00:46,000 With almost 600 buildings over 330 feet tall, 11 00:00:46,000 --> 00:00:51,000 Manhattan boasts more skyscrapers than any other city in the U.S. 12 00:00:53,000 --> 00:00:57,000 But one arctic giant with a spectacular gleaming terrace 13 00:00:57,000 --> 00:00:59,000 is the city's crown jewel. 14 00:00:59,000 --> 00:01:02,000 The skyscraper rises from the New York City skyline 15 00:01:02,000 --> 00:01:06,000 made out of white-colored brick and stainless steel. 16 00:01:06,000 --> 00:01:12,000 And then has a needle that rises from the top to bring it to over a thousand feet tall. 17 00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:14,000 It's really something spectacular. 18 00:01:14,000 --> 00:01:17,000 This is the Chrysler building. 19 00:01:17,000 --> 00:01:20,000 But as historian Seth Camel knows, 20 00:01:20,000 --> 00:01:24,000 at the heart of this majestic tower lies a bitter tale of envy, 21 00:01:24,000 --> 00:01:26,000 ambition, and deceit. 22 00:01:26,000 --> 00:01:31,000 The Chrysler building was part of a massive personal and professional rivalry 23 00:01:31,000 --> 00:01:34,000 that kept New York City captivated for a year. 24 00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:41,000 So what epic tale of dastardly deeds lies behind the construction of this iconic edifice? 25 00:01:44,000 --> 00:01:47,000 New York City, the mid-1920s. 26 00:01:47,000 --> 00:01:52,000 With limited space on the island of Manhattan and a booming population, 27 00:01:52,000 --> 00:01:55,000 the era of the skyscraper is born. 28 00:01:55,000 --> 00:01:58,000 You've got millions of people flooding into New York. 29 00:01:58,000 --> 00:02:02,000 We're growing ever and ever taller and skyward. 30 00:02:04,000 --> 00:02:11,000 Two of Gotham's most renowned architects are William Van Allen and H. Craig Severance. 31 00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:16,000 For nearly a decade, the two partners have run a top-tier firm 32 00:02:16,000 --> 00:02:19,000 designing prestigious buildings all over the city. 33 00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:23,000 But their success comes at a price. 34 00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:27,000 As the firm of Severance and Van Allen became more and more successful, 35 00:02:27,000 --> 00:02:29,000 it became more and more tense. 36 00:02:30,000 --> 00:02:35,000 Embroiled in a bitter feud over credit for the firm's accomplishments, 37 00:02:35,000 --> 00:02:39,000 the two dissolve their company and decide to start businesses of their own. 38 00:02:40,000 --> 00:02:42,000 But little do the two architects know. 39 00:02:42,000 --> 00:02:48,000 They will soon be pitted against each other in one of the most high-profile rivalries of all time. 40 00:02:50,000 --> 00:02:52,000 1928. 41 00:02:52,000 --> 00:02:57,000 With his new firm, Van Allen soon gets the commission of a lifetime 42 00:02:57,000 --> 00:02:59,000 when automobile mogul Walter P. Chrysler 43 00:02:59,000 --> 00:03:03,000 hires him to design a tower in Midtown Manhattan. 44 00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:09,000 Chrysler tells Van Allen he wants his skyscraper to be the tallest in the world, 45 00:03:09,000 --> 00:03:15,000 one that will eclipse the current record holder, the 792-foot Woolworth building. 46 00:03:16,000 --> 00:03:20,000 Walter Chrysler wants the tallest building in the world to have his name on it. 47 00:03:21,000 --> 00:03:26,000 He sees it as an icon for America and for his brand. 48 00:03:27,000 --> 00:03:31,000 This is just the prestigious opportunity Van Allen has been looking for. 49 00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:38,000 So he designs the Chrysler building to top off at an astounding 809 feet. 50 00:03:39,000 --> 00:03:43,000 But his one-time ally and now bitter rival, Craig Severance, 51 00:03:43,000 --> 00:03:46,000 is also working on a major new commission. 52 00:03:48,000 --> 00:03:51,000 Craig Severance is asked to build 40 Wall Street for the Bank of Manhattan, 53 00:03:52,000 --> 00:03:55,000 which is right in the heart financial core of New York. 54 00:03:56,000 --> 00:04:00,000 And when Severance reads news of his arch rival's massive undertaking, 55 00:04:01,000 --> 00:04:04,000 he decides to outbuild Van Allen and the Chrysler building. 56 00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:10,000 Severance draws up plans for an 840-foot building, 57 00:04:10,000 --> 00:04:14,000 over 30 feet taller than Van Allen's proposed structure. 58 00:04:15,000 --> 00:04:21,000 As construction begins on the two skyscrapers, the race for the skies is on. 59 00:04:22,000 --> 00:04:27,000 The rival refueled such a deep-seated bitterness. 60 00:04:28,000 --> 00:04:33,000 When Van Allen hears of Severance's plans, he redesigns the Chrysler building, 61 00:04:34,000 --> 00:04:38,000 this time to reach the staggering height of 925 feet. 62 00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:43,000 For months, these two are jockeying over who's going to build the tallest building in the world. 63 00:04:45,000 --> 00:04:51,000 By the fall of 1929, with the primary steelwork nearly complete on 40 Wall Street, 64 00:04:52,000 --> 00:04:54,000 it appears that the Chrysler building has won the race. 65 00:04:55,000 --> 00:04:57,000 At this point, 40 Wall Street's finished. 66 00:04:58,000 --> 00:05:01,000 And the building's done. They'd already started taking down the scaffolding. 67 00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:06,000 But Severance comes up with a clever way to outfox his rival. 68 00:05:07,000 --> 00:05:14,000 Craig Severance added a 50-foot flagpole to his building to make him 2 feet taller, 69 00:05:15,000 --> 00:05:18,000 which really was kind of sticking a needle in his former partner. 70 00:05:19,000 --> 00:05:24,000 The flagpole pushes 40 Wall Street to 927 feet, 71 00:05:25,000 --> 00:05:29,000 barely beating the Chrysler building's proposed height of 925 feet. 72 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:33,000 And because the steel framework appears finished on the Chrysler building, 73 00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:37,000 a smug Severance assumes that Van Allen can't go any higher. 74 00:05:38,000 --> 00:05:42,000 Craig Severance feels he can justify we say, I am the tallest in the world. 75 00:05:43,000 --> 00:05:46,000 But the race for the skies is not over just yet. 76 00:05:50,000 --> 00:05:52,000 William Van Allen had one more trick up his sleeve. 77 00:05:53,000 --> 00:05:57,000 Little does Severance know Van Allen has been plotting for months. 78 00:05:58,000 --> 00:06:02,000 He has secretly designed another addition to the Chrysler building. 79 00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:05,000 A 185-foot spire. 80 00:06:06,000 --> 00:06:11,000 Van Allen has the structure brought into one of the upper floors in five separate pieces. 81 00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:17,000 There, the crew covertly assembles the 27-ton steel spire. 82 00:06:20,000 --> 00:06:27,000 And he slams Severance by rising this magnificent piece of superstructure 83 00:06:27,000 --> 00:06:33,000 to the top of the building that in a day topples Severance, topples 40 Wall Street, 84 00:06:34,000 --> 00:06:36,000 and says, I win. 85 00:06:40,000 --> 00:06:46,000 With the steel structure in place at 40 Wall Street, it's too late for Severance to go any higher. 86 00:06:48,000 --> 00:06:55,000 Standing at 1046 feet, the Chrysler building claims the title of the world's tallest building. 87 00:06:56,000 --> 00:07:00,000 But Van Allen's victory is destined to be short-lived. 88 00:07:01,000 --> 00:07:07,000 The Empire State Building, finished just a year later, is 1,454 feet tall. 89 00:07:09,000 --> 00:07:13,000 And today, the Chrysler building is the fourth tallest building in the city. 90 00:07:14,000 --> 00:07:22,000 A glittering icon in the skyline, where it will always serve as a reminder of the dogged and ambitious race to the heavens. 91 00:07:26,000 --> 00:07:30,000 Stanford University, California. 92 00:07:31,000 --> 00:07:41,000 This sprawling 8,000-acre campus, the nation's largest, boasts a stunning array of beautiful buildings dedicated to higher learning. 93 00:07:42,000 --> 00:07:50,000 And here, tucked away amidst a grove of trees, lies a monument which has long captivated archaeologist Laura Jones. 94 00:07:51,000 --> 00:08:00,000 With its beautiful columns and then these mysterious sphinxes that looks not unlike a Grecian temple hidden in the forest. 95 00:08:01,000 --> 00:08:15,000 This is the Stanford Mausoleum. This tomb holds the remains of the university's founding family, and most notably, the dynasty's matriarch, whose untimely death is shrouded in mystery. 96 00:08:16,000 --> 00:08:21,000 The circumstances are so surprising, you couldn't have made it up as a story. 97 00:08:22,000 --> 00:08:29,000 So what in the farthest tale of betrayal, deceit, and murder does the Mausoleum conceal? 98 00:08:33,000 --> 00:08:36,000 Hawaii, 1905. 99 00:08:37,000 --> 00:08:46,000 Jane Stanford, co-founder of Stanford University, is on vacation in Honolulu, where she is accompanied, as always, by her personal secretary, Bertha Burner. 100 00:08:49,000 --> 00:08:54,000 On the night of February 28, Mrs. Stanford complains of an upset stomach. 101 00:08:55,000 --> 00:09:00,000 At her request, Burner prepares a drink of bicarbonate of soda to settle her employer's stomach. 102 00:09:01,000 --> 00:09:05,000 But the drink has a very different effect. 103 00:09:06,000 --> 00:09:12,000 Stanford is suddenly seized by convulsions, and in the early hours of the morning is pronounced dead. 104 00:09:15,000 --> 00:09:26,000 Upon hearing of the death of the well-loved matriarch, the university's president, a man named David Starr Jordan, prepares to sail to Hawaii to investigate what has happened. 105 00:09:27,000 --> 00:09:33,000 He got on the steamship and came over to Hawaii and then telegraphed back to the university that Jane Stanford had died of heart failure. 106 00:09:34,000 --> 00:09:38,000 But David Starr Jordan's announcement isn't strictly true. 107 00:09:39,000 --> 00:09:49,000 When they did an autopsy of the body, they found a strychnine in her stomach and strychnine in the glass of medicine that she'd been taking before bed. 108 00:09:50,000 --> 00:09:55,000 Strychnine is a highly toxic chemical that is commonly used in rat poison. 109 00:09:57,000 --> 00:10:00,000 Even in small doses, it is fatal to humans. 110 00:10:01,000 --> 00:10:06,000 With this startling new evidence, the authorities reach a sinister conclusion. 111 00:10:07,000 --> 00:10:11,000 The coroner's jury ruled that she had been poisoned by a person who a person's unknown. 112 00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:20,000 So was Jane Stanford the founder of Stanford University really murdered? And if so, by whom? 113 00:10:25,000 --> 00:10:27,000 Honolulu, Hawaii, 1905. 114 00:10:28,000 --> 00:10:37,000 Jane Stanford, co-founder of Stanford University and one of America's most powerful women, has died under mysterious circumstances. 115 00:10:38,000 --> 00:10:44,000 The university's president, David Starr Jordan, claims that her death was a result of heart failure. 116 00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:48,000 But the autopsy tells a different story, that she was poisoned. 117 00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:54,000 So was Jane Stanford murdered? And if so, by whom? 118 00:10:56,000 --> 00:11:02,000 Suspicions turn first towards the person who prepared the medicine that Jane Stanford drank the night she died. 119 00:11:03,000 --> 00:11:06,000 Her personal secretary of 30 years, Bertha Burner. 120 00:11:07,000 --> 00:11:12,000 She certainly had access to all of Jane's trunks and medicine and to Jane's room. 121 00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:20,000 And Burner has not only the means, but also the motive, as she stood to inherit a large sum of money from her employer. 122 00:11:21,000 --> 00:11:28,000 The $15,000 that Bertha inherited was the largest bequest to any of the employees that Jane Stanford made. 123 00:11:29,000 --> 00:11:34,000 But as they question Burner, investigators make a shocking new discovery. 124 00:11:35,000 --> 00:11:39,000 Burner claims that someone tried to poison her employer just one month ago. 125 00:11:40,000 --> 00:11:46,000 In circumstances that were frighteningly similar to those surrounding Jane Stanford's death. 126 00:11:49,000 --> 00:11:54,000 One evening, in her mansion in San Francisco, Jane Stanford had gone to bed and she had mineral water next to her bed. 127 00:11:55,000 --> 00:11:57,000 And went to drink it and it tasted bitter. 128 00:11:58,000 --> 00:12:01,000 Leaving the water to be tainted, Stanford took immediate action. 129 00:12:02,000 --> 00:12:04,000 She put her finger down her throat and caused herself to vomit. 130 00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:11,000 Concerned that someone might be trying to poison her, Stanford had the water tested. 131 00:12:12,000 --> 00:12:17,000 The chemist came back with the analysis that the water had contained rat poison. 132 00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:27,000 But after interviewing Burner and hearing this revelation, investigators in Hawaii believe that she would not have been careless enough to try to poison her. 133 00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:34,000 She had been poisoned and poisoned her employer twice, especially considering what a devoted friend she was to Mrs. Stanford. 134 00:12:36,000 --> 00:12:42,000 And once detectives realized that many people could have had access to Stanford's medicine during her travels, 135 00:12:44,000 --> 00:12:51,000 they soon turned their attention to another suspect, the man who initially claimed that Stanford had died of heart failure. 136 00:12:53,000 --> 00:12:55,000 The university's president, David Starr Jordan. 137 00:12:58,000 --> 00:13:02,000 The researchers have speculated that Jane's death was convenient for David Starr Jordan. 138 00:13:03,000 --> 00:13:09,000 Some people think there was some friction between them on the issue of faculty hiring and faculty tenure decisions. 139 00:13:10,000 --> 00:13:22,000 But that's not all. It's revealed that before the autopsy was even completed, Jordan had paid a local doctor a significant sum of money to say that Stanford had died of natural causes. 140 00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:32,000 The doctor he hired asserts that Jane Stanford's heart had failed and then the university's official position was that Jane Stanford had died essentially of a heart attack. 141 00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:41,000 This perplexing discovery leads some to conclude that Jordan orchestrated the murder and then tried to cover it up. 142 00:13:42,000 --> 00:13:48,000 But with nothing more than circumstantial evidence, the investigators once again are at an impasse. 143 00:13:49,000 --> 00:13:55,000 I think it is much more likely that his motive for the cover-up was that he was trying to protect the university's reputation. 144 00:13:57,000 --> 00:14:04,000 So if neither David Starr Jordan nor Bertha Berner were the culprits, who did murder Jane Stanford? 145 00:14:05,000 --> 00:14:13,000 Who benefited from her death? Who might have had motive to do it? More than a century since Jane's death, we still have this controversy. 146 00:14:14,000 --> 00:14:23,000 And today, visitors to the Stanford family mausoleum can marvel at the strange tale of the founding matriarch's unnatural death. 147 00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:30,000 As impenetrable a mystery as the mighty marble walls and sphinxes of the mausoleum itself. 148 00:14:33,000 --> 00:14:40,000 Nestled amid the Bay Area's lush hills and scenic gorges is the quiet community of Sunol, California. 149 00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:46,000 The historic rail town was once a key stop for Southern Pacific trains. 150 00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:53,000 But Sunol's best kept secret is tucked away behind a clock in the village square. 151 00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:57,000 It's an unassuming sculpture that stands just two feet tall. 152 00:14:58,000 --> 00:15:04,000 Cast in bronze, this small dark figure is a tribute to one of Sunol's best loved residents. 153 00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:11,000 You're sitting just looking over the town of Sunol with his trademark handkerchief around his neck. A big fat head and a tail. 154 00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:21,000 This may look like your average mutt, but in fact this canine's incredible life story thrust this small town into the international spotlight. 155 00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:29,000 So who is this heroic hound? And how did he become an unexpected force in world politics? 156 00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:38,000 1981, Sunol, California. This unincorporated town has never had a mayor, but proud residents are seeking a public figure to represent their community. 157 00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:49,000 At a local bar, two friends are discussing the race when another patron, Ingest, throws out the name of an unlikely candidate. A dog named Bosco. 158 00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:52,000 He said, oh, heck, Bosco, but be both you guys. 159 00:15:53,000 --> 00:15:59,000 Bosco has something most politicians envy, name recognition. The one year old mixed breed is a fixture around town. 160 00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:06,000 Bosco would just hang out in front of the gas station and everybody around town knew and loved Bosco. He was a good dog. 161 00:16:07,000 --> 00:16:09,000 He was a good dog. 162 00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:17,000 As a joke, the canine candidate is entered into the race, but what happens next is as unprecedented as it is surprising. 163 00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:26,000 Bosco is elected the country's first ever dog mayor and begins presiding over events all over town. 164 00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:29,000 The number of dogs in the country is growing. 165 00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:37,000 Bosco is elected the country's first ever dog mayor and begins presiding over events all over town. 166 00:16:38,000 --> 00:16:44,000 The novelty of a four legged elected official makes the media sit and take notice. 167 00:16:45,000 --> 00:16:47,000 He was in the California papers and television shows. 168 00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:56,000 But little do Sunolians know that their leaders newfound fame will soon embroil him in a global humanitarian crisis. 169 00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:08,000 In 1981, the small town of Sunol, California, elects its first mayor, a dog named Bosco. 170 00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:14,000 The canine quickly becomes an endearing symbol of the community as well as a darling of the press. 171 00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:22,000 But Bosco's celebrity status is about to thrust him into the midst of a political firestorm on a global scale. 172 00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:26,000 April 1989. 173 00:17:26,000 --> 00:17:35,000 Like most of the world, the people of Sunol are transfixed by the events taking place nearly 6,000 miles away in China. 174 00:17:36,000 --> 00:17:45,000 There, approximately a million Chinese citizens, fed up with corruption and repression, gather to demand change and a democratic government. 175 00:17:46,000 --> 00:17:50,000 And the focal point of this movement is Beijing's Tiananmen Square. 176 00:17:51,000 --> 00:18:01,000 As tensions boil, a newspaper called The People's Daily, an arm of the Communist propaganda machine, learns of Bosco's story and his post as mayor. 177 00:18:02,000 --> 00:18:12,000 The outraged periodical makes Bosco the poster child of American democracy, declaring him to be proof of the folly of the West's dominant political system. 178 00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:19,000 The Chinese wrote one of their newspapers that the United States, we were so stupid that we were electing dogs as city officials. 179 00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:29,000 But the attempt to lampoon the West quickly backfires, causing the American media to lavish even more attention on the canine mayor. 180 00:18:30,000 --> 00:18:39,000 And then, as demonstrations spring up across the U.S., some of the anti-communist protesters have an unconventional plan to make their point. 181 00:18:40,000 --> 00:18:43,000 There was quite a few students that wanted Bosco to be a spokesman for him. 182 00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:51,000 The canine appears at a San Francisco rally, where the protesters celebrate the freedom this lovable dog represents. 183 00:18:52,000 --> 00:18:58,000 There probably are quite a few people in China that would just be very happy to have a dog for a mayor instead of what they've got. 184 00:18:59,000 --> 00:19:08,000 For many, the Tiananmen Square crisis ends in tragedy, leaving the iconic moments of the protests seared in the world's collective memory. 185 00:19:10,000 --> 00:19:21,000 And after Bosco's brief moment in the spotlight fades, the dog returns to a quiet life in Sunol, where he remains mayor until he peacefully passes away at age 15. 186 00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:25,000 To this day, no successor has been found. 187 00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:30,000 There's never been another mayor in Sunol. They realize they couldn't replace Bosco. 188 00:19:34,000 --> 00:19:38,000 In 2008, a bronze sculpture is installed in the center of town. 189 00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:42,000 A tribute to the first dog ever elected to office. 190 00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:46,000 Bosco is immortalized as the one and only mayor of Sunol. 191 00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:53,000 And today, his likeness continues to watch over the community that revered him as a symbol of freedom. 192 00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:56,000 And of course, man's best friend. 193 00:19:57,000 --> 00:20:03,000 Ten miles west of the New Jersey shore is the quaint town of Lakehurst. 194 00:20:04,000 --> 00:20:09,000 Home to an active military base that was once the country's first international airport. 195 00:20:10,000 --> 00:20:14,000 The century-old Lakehurst Naval Air Engineering Station. 196 00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:22,000 Behind the hangars, in the middle of a windswept field of asphalt and gravel, 197 00:20:22,000 --> 00:20:25,000 lies an odd concrete formation. 198 00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:30,000 It's 60 feet long, 10 feet wide. It looks like a coffin. 199 00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:34,000 It was here that an inferno fell from the sky. 200 00:20:36,000 --> 00:20:39,000 This is a memorial to the infamous Hindenburg disaster. 201 00:20:40,000 --> 00:20:44,000 A tragedy that looms large in the national consciousness to this day. 202 00:20:46,000 --> 00:20:49,000 Yet as author Lee Christek can't help but wonder, 203 00:20:50,000 --> 00:20:52,000 yet as author Lee Christek can attest, 204 00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:57,000 75 years after the airship came crashing down on this very spot, 205 00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:00,000 the cause remains a mystery. 206 00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:05,000 Was it a design flaw? Was it the weather? Was it a sabotage? 207 00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:09,000 What really brought down the mighty Hindenburg? 208 00:21:13,000 --> 00:21:15,000 The 1930s. 209 00:21:16,000 --> 00:21:19,000 The world is in the midst of a new era of transatlantic travel, 210 00:21:20,000 --> 00:21:23,000 powered by fleets of majestic airships called Zeppelins. 211 00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:30,000 These dirigibles are as elegant as any cruise ship, and nearly twice as fast. 212 00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:33,000 So the future belonged to the Zeppelin. 213 00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:37,000 They were the natural successors to the ocean liner. 214 00:21:38,000 --> 00:21:46,000 The most impressive of these wonders is the German airship LZ129, the Hindenburg. 215 00:21:47,000 --> 00:21:50,000 It's the largest object to ever soar through the sky. 216 00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:58,000 It's 804 feet long, 130 feet high, as high as a 13-story building. 217 00:21:59,000 --> 00:22:04,000 And the secret to its power is the lighter-than-air gas contained within its cavernous frame. 218 00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:09,000 It's filled with 7 million cubic feet of hydrogen to lift it. 219 00:22:10,000 --> 00:22:14,000 But it's not just the technical specs that are designed to impress. 220 00:22:15,000 --> 00:22:20,000 The Hindenburg is a sky-born showcase of unparalleled opulence. 221 00:22:21,000 --> 00:22:24,000 There were 70 passenger cabins, there was a restaurant, 222 00:22:25,000 --> 00:22:27,000 and there were two promenades and sets of windows. 223 00:22:28,000 --> 00:22:34,000 But for all its superlatives, this magnificent airliner will soon be mired in tragedy. 224 00:22:43,000 --> 00:22:46,000 May 6, 1937, 7 p.m. 225 00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:51,000 After being delayed by several hours by thunderstorms, 226 00:22:52,000 --> 00:22:58,000 the Hindenburg nears the end of a three-day journey from Frankfurt, Germany to Leikers, New Jersey. 227 00:22:59,000 --> 00:23:04,000 Among the 97 people on board are journalists, executives, and even a prized pet, 228 00:23:05,000 --> 00:23:10,000 a German shepherd belonging to a famous vaudeville comedian in Acrobat, Joseph Spa. 229 00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:19,000 But at 721, with the Hindenburg directly over Leikers Naval Air Station, 230 00:23:19,000 --> 00:23:21,000 something goes horribly wrong. 231 00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:27,000 Suddenly, someone noses flames on the back of the ship. 232 00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:33,000 Within seconds, the Zeppelin is engulfed in a terrifying fireball. 233 00:23:34,000 --> 00:23:37,000 The flames burn down to the side of the ship, the ship starts to sink. 234 00:23:38,000 --> 00:23:43,000 Passengers are having to make the choice of jumping out of the craft or dying in the flames. 235 00:23:44,000 --> 00:23:51,000 Some leap up to 200 feet in a desperate bid for survival, including Joseph Spa, 236 00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:55,000 whose athleticism helps him evade an almost certain death. 237 00:23:56,000 --> 00:24:02,000 He smashed the window and jumped out, hung from the side for a few moments, and then dropped the ground. 238 00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:10,000 But many are trapped in the giant inferno, and the horrifying spectacle of the Hindenburg nears the end. 239 00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:15,000 The entire event lasts just 37 seconds. 240 00:24:16,000 --> 00:24:19,000 When it's over, 36 people are dead. 241 00:24:20,000 --> 00:24:25,000 62 survive, but many are left with life-altering injuries. 242 00:24:28,000 --> 00:24:31,000 The entire event lasts just 37 seconds. 243 00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:35,000 When it's over, 36 people are dead. 244 00:24:36,000 --> 00:24:40,000 62 survive, but many are left with life-altering injuries. 245 00:24:43,000 --> 00:24:50,000 U.S. and German officials open an investigation, sifting through the wreckage for clues as to the disaster's cause. 246 00:24:51,000 --> 00:24:56,000 But they didn't find anything that immediately indicated what the problem was, so they're left with a mystery. 247 00:24:58,000 --> 00:25:06,000 But strangely, their inquiry lasts only 18 days, a haste that arouses suspicion on both sides of the Atlantic. 248 00:25:06,000 --> 00:25:08,000 Some people think that was too quick. 249 00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:14,000 Were the United States and Germany trying to sweep things on the rug to avoid an international incident? 250 00:25:15,000 --> 00:25:16,000 So was there a cover-up? 251 00:25:17,000 --> 00:25:20,000 And if so, what really brought down the Hindenburg? 252 00:25:26,000 --> 00:25:28,000 It's May 6, 1937. 253 00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:35,000 The Hindenburg airship has exploded and crashed in Lakehurst, New Jersey, killing 36 people and shocking the world. 254 00:25:36,000 --> 00:25:42,000 While many believe this disaster was just a freak accident, some suspect more sinister forces at work. 255 00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:45,000 So what really brought down the Hindenburg? 256 00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:57,000 While the Hindenburg's vast stores of hydrogen enabled the massive ship to float on air, it is also an extremely volatile substance. 257 00:25:58,000 --> 00:26:01,000 They're setting on 7 million cubic feet of a highly explosive gas. 258 00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:10,000 One hypothesis is that lightning struck the zeppelin, causing the hydrogen to ignite. 259 00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:15,000 Yet countless derogables have been hit by lightning before without bringing them down. 260 00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:18,000 And there's another problem with this theory. 261 00:26:19,000 --> 00:26:22,000 The strongest evidence against the lightning theory is simply the no-but season. 262 00:26:23,000 --> 00:26:33,000 But even in the absence of lightning, some believe the Hindenburg may have picked up an electrical charge from the stormy skies, which could have sparked the explosion. 263 00:26:35,000 --> 00:26:40,000 But others speculate a more sinister explanation is to blame. 264 00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:42,000 Sabotage. 265 00:26:43,000 --> 00:26:51,000 In the years immediately preceding World War II, the giant zeppelin might have been an irresistible outlet for anti-German sentiment. 266 00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:57,000 If you wanted to strike at Nazi Germany, you would strike at the Hindenburg. 267 00:26:59,000 --> 00:27:02,000 But who would be bold enough to commit such an act? 268 00:27:03,000 --> 00:27:06,000 Several surviving crew members point to a possible culprit. 269 00:27:07,000 --> 00:27:09,000 The Acrobat, Joseph Spa. 270 00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:15,000 They claim that Spa made anti-Nazi jokes throughout the transatlantic journey. 271 00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:20,000 He also made several trips to see his dog, who was being held in the stern. 272 00:27:20,000 --> 00:27:25,000 He's the only passenger who has access to the rear of the ship by himself. 273 00:27:26,000 --> 00:27:33,000 He was also an acrobat, which may have allowed him to climb up into the sections where they believed the fire started. 274 00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:39,000 Some theorize that Spa could have planted an explosive device in the ship's stern. 275 00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:47,000 But in spite of these accusations, investigators never found bomb fragments in the wreckage. 276 00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:51,000 Nor any incriminating evidence to link Spa to such a plot. 277 00:27:52,000 --> 00:27:56,000 There were a lot of people who were anti-Nazi. That doesn't necessarily mean you were Sabotour though. 278 00:27:59,000 --> 00:28:04,000 And without conclusive evidence, the exact reason for the tragedy may never be known. 279 00:28:05,000 --> 00:28:11,000 But one thing is certain. The Hindenburg disaster brought the age of the zeppelin to an end. 280 00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:16,000 After this point, nobody's going to get on a potential bomb like this. 281 00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:19,000 They closed out the era of the airship. 282 00:28:22,000 --> 00:28:27,000 And today, this eerie outlying at the Naval Air Engineering Station in Lakehurst, New Jersey, 283 00:28:28,000 --> 00:28:33,000 remains a solemn tribute to the victims of a tragedy the world will never forget. 284 00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:45,000 Los Angeles, California. 285 00:28:46,000 --> 00:28:54,000 Renowned as the entertainment capital of the world, it's estimated that one in every six of the city's residents works in a creative industry. 286 00:28:56,000 --> 00:29:04,000 And at Tinseltown's heart lies a celebrated sidewalk, spanning one of the most popular boulevards on the planet. 287 00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:16,000 Millions of people from around the world come just to walk it. It features three foot by three foot squares, which feature a five point star. 288 00:29:17,000 --> 00:29:25,000 Talked among the world famous stars on Hollywood's Walk of Fame is one that museum curator Jeffrey Richardson has a special interest in. 289 00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:37,000 He belongs to Hedy Lamar, the legendary actress of the 1930s and 40s, who famously starred in the Cecil B. DeMille epic, Samson and Delilah. 290 00:29:40,000 --> 00:29:45,000 But there was far more to this silver screen icon than most moviegoers ever knew. 291 00:29:46,000 --> 00:29:52,000 She was known as one of the most beautiful women in the world, but her greatest contribution was her intellect. 292 00:29:53,000 --> 00:29:59,000 What unusual accomplishment helped this Hollywood glamour queen change the course of history? 293 00:30:03,000 --> 00:30:14,000 Hollywood, California. European actress Hedy Lamar bursts onto American movie screens with a head turning role in the 1938 film Al Gears, 294 00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:20,000 and is subsequently cast in a string of movies as an exotic seductress. 295 00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:29,000 This is at a time when there were really great starlets of the golden age of Hollywood, but her beauty really put her at the forefront. 296 00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:34,000 But Lamar doesn't only want to be known for her appearance. 297 00:30:35,000 --> 00:30:41,000 The one thing most people did not recognize is that she was also extremely intelligent. 298 00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:49,000 As a child in Austria, she was enthralled by her father's explanations of how street cars and printing presses work, 299 00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:56,000 and developed a keen interest in mathematics, a passion she never outgrew, even with her increased fame. 300 00:30:58,000 --> 00:31:09,000 Over the years, she becomes a prolific tinkerer, developing dozens of small-time inventions, from a light-up dog collar to a bullion cube that could carbonate water. 301 00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:21,000 And although the starlet is at the peak of her movie career, Lamar also finds time to devote her intellect to combating the greatest threat to freedom the world has ever known. 302 00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:30,000 1940, World War II. German U-boats are attacking the Atlantic convoys. 303 00:31:31,000 --> 00:31:38,000 But when the U.S. Navy tries to sink them, the U-boats manage to jam the torpedo's guidance systems to evade a direct hit. 304 00:31:39,000 --> 00:31:42,000 And the ingenious Lamar is determined to come up with a solution. 305 00:31:44,000 --> 00:31:49,000 Hedy Lamar was trying to focus on ways that would allow torpedoes to hit their mark. 306 00:31:51,000 --> 00:32:00,000 Together with a fellow tinkerer named George Antheal, Lamar realizes that by transmitting radio signals along rapidly changing frequencies, 307 00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:05,000 radio-guided torpedoes would be far less susceptible to jamming by German forces. 308 00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:16,000 The two map out a design and get a patent for this secret communication system, all the while keeping the precise details and purpose out of the public eye. 309 00:32:17,000 --> 00:32:22,000 It was of such importance to national security that they couldn't even discuss the specifics of it. 310 00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:32,000 U.S. officials read over the designs, but are as skeptical of its value as they are of the movie icon's ability as an inventor. 311 00:32:33,000 --> 00:32:39,000 As a result of their limited background in scientific, technical matters, the Navy turns it down. 312 00:32:40,000 --> 00:32:49,000 Hedy Lamar is devastated, but little does she know that her invention will play a vital role in another potentially deadly conflict. 313 00:32:50,000 --> 00:32:53,000 It's 1940, Los Angeles. 314 00:32:54,000 --> 00:33:05,000 Movie star turned inventor Hedy Lamar has designed a top secret torpedo guidance system that she thinks will change the course of World War II. 315 00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:10,000 But the U.S. Navy rejects the idea, leaving the actress devastated. 316 00:33:11,000 --> 00:33:16,000 So can this movie icon convince the military that her invention actually works? 317 00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:31,000 In the early 1950s, Lamar's movie career goes into decline, and the actress, whose stunning beauty and screen presence once captivated directors and audiences alike, slowly fades from the public view. 318 00:33:32,000 --> 00:33:38,000 And with World War II long over, her patent languishes in the Navy archives. 319 00:33:39,000 --> 00:33:54,000 Then in 1959, as Cold War tensions mount, U.S. military officials find themselves in desperate need for a covert means of communication to outfox Russian intelligence. 320 00:33:55,000 --> 00:34:02,000 And sifting through naval archives, an engineer unearths an expired patent that he thinks just might work. 321 00:34:03,000 --> 00:34:05,000 Hedy Lamar's secret communication system. 322 00:34:06,000 --> 00:34:12,000 The United States Navy comes to recognize its really revolutionary ramifications. 323 00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:23,000 Using the latest transistors and electronics, the Navy updates Lamar's original design and employs the technology to communicate secretly between its warships. 324 00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:30,000 And in 1962, the system proves its worth. 325 00:34:30,000 --> 00:34:37,000 Not in torpedoes as they originally had envisioned, it really finds a practical use during the Cuban Missile Crisis. 326 00:34:38,000 --> 00:34:44,000 The updated version of Lamar's original secret communication system cannot be cracked by enemy forces. 327 00:34:46,000 --> 00:34:56,000 And over the ensuing decade, the U.S. employs it in various military communications, allowing them to outmaneuver the Russians and keep the world safe from nuclear war. 328 00:34:57,000 --> 00:35:01,000 But Lamar's legacy doesn't stop there. 329 00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:07,000 Today, her breakthrough concept remains an integral part of everyday life. 330 00:35:08,000 --> 00:35:11,000 We see this invention in most notably Bluetooth technology. 331 00:35:12,000 --> 00:35:19,000 The same Bluetooth that you use on your phone is a direct result of what Hedy Lamar had proposed decades before. 332 00:35:20,000 --> 00:35:34,000 And here, on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, Hedy Lamar's star still shines bright, commemorating a woman whose beauty and brains influenced not only the silver screen, but the course of history itself. 333 00:35:38,000 --> 00:35:46,000 In southeast Utah, near the small town of Escalante, are two million acres of breathtaking wilderness. 334 00:35:47,000 --> 00:35:54,000 This vast maze of red rock, canyon sprawls across one of the most remarkable landscapes in North America. 335 00:35:55,000 --> 00:36:04,000 This is the Grand Staircase Escalante, the largest and, according to some, most spectacular national monument in the United States. 336 00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:15,000 But few realize that this vast, mesmerizing terrain holds the secret to one of the most baffling disappearances of all time. 337 00:36:16,000 --> 00:36:24,000 And it's here that a young man vanished off the face of the earth, one of the great mysteries in the history of the American West. 338 00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:28,000 So what happened in the depths of this forbidding wilderness? 339 00:36:30,000 --> 00:36:33,000 1930, Oakland, California. 340 00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:43,000 While millions of Americans are in the grips of the Great Depression, 16-year-old artist Everett Roos determines to shape his own destiny. 341 00:36:44,000 --> 00:36:58,000 Inspired by landscape photographer Ansel Adams, Roos decides to explore the most remote regions of America, recording his experiences through his watercolor painting and his ever-present diary. 342 00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:05,000 His desire to see the most spectacular places of the West grew into an obsession. 343 00:37:05,000 --> 00:37:12,000 For four years, Everett treks through the West's most rugged landscapes. 344 00:37:13,000 --> 00:37:15,000 From Yosemite to the Grand Canyon. 345 00:37:18,000 --> 00:37:24,000 And by the winter of 1934, the vagabond arrives in stunning southern Utah. 346 00:37:27,000 --> 00:37:34,000 Before heading into the expanse of region, now known as the Grand Staircase Escalante, Everett writes to his family. 347 00:37:36,000 --> 00:37:44,000 He informs them that the next post office he expects to pick up mail from is 200 miles away in Marble Canyon, Arizona. 348 00:37:45,000 --> 00:37:52,000 The next morning, Everett sets off into the wilderness, equipped with two burrows to carry his gear. 349 00:37:55,000 --> 00:38:01,000 Almost three months go by when Everett's family receives an alarming item of mail. 350 00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:08,000 A packet of letters they had sent to Everett in Marble Canyon has been returned to them, marked as unclaimed. 351 00:38:09,000 --> 00:38:15,000 Immediately they have this sense that something is seriously wrong. 352 00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:24,000 Desperate to track Everett down, his family dispatches a search party from Escalante to follow in his footsteps. 353 00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:28,000 And on the outskirts of town, they get their first lead. 354 00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:34,000 The search party yielded a pretty spectacular clue, his two burrows. 355 00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:37,000 So this appeared to be Everett's camp. 356 00:38:38,000 --> 00:38:44,000 There were tracks all around the campsite, but the tracks seemed to just disappear. 357 00:38:46,000 --> 00:38:49,000 It seemed as if he had literally vanished. 358 00:38:50,000 --> 00:38:58,000 After exhaustive searches throughout the region, Everett Roos is finally presumed dead. 359 00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:02,000 His story could easily have been forgotten. 360 00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:08,000 Were it not for his family, who publishes a collection of their son's letters in 1940, 361 00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:14,000 and his evocative prose captivates the public in a way no one expected. 362 00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:20,000 He had done things that many people wished they had. 363 00:39:21,000 --> 00:39:26,000 He became an almost mythical figure in the American Southwest. 364 00:39:30,000 --> 00:39:34,000 As Everett's cult status grows, and based in part on his writings, 365 00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:41,000 some assert that the young man deliberately chose the wilds of Escalante as the place to take his own life. 366 00:39:44,000 --> 00:39:49,000 At the heart of the theories of his disappearance was he just chose such a dangerous location, 367 00:39:50,000 --> 00:39:53,000 because he didn't want to ever come back. 368 00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:59,000 But others wonder if Roos could have simply succumbed to the violence of the wild west. 369 00:40:00,000 --> 00:40:05,000 There were local Neridwells who prowled around the Escalante region. 370 00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:10,000 One of the theories was they killed him and then hid his body somewhere. 371 00:40:11,000 --> 00:40:16,000 With no concrete evidence, it appears the truth may never be known. 372 00:40:19,000 --> 00:40:26,000 But in May 2008, 75 years after his disappearance, a surprising new lead emerges. 373 00:40:27,000 --> 00:40:32,000 The FBI is called in to investigate a gravesite found near Bluff Utah. 374 00:40:33,000 --> 00:40:36,000 Are these the remains of Everett Roos? 375 00:40:41,000 --> 00:40:46,000 In the mid 1930s, 20 year old artist and wanderer Everett Roos disappears 376 00:40:47,000 --> 00:40:50,000 while trekking in the vast wilderness surrounding Escalante, Utah. 377 00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:57,000 For the next 75 years, people all around the world speculate on what might have happened to the young vagabond. 378 00:40:58,000 --> 00:41:03,000 Then in 2008, a new lead emerges that could solve the mystery once and for all. 379 00:41:04,000 --> 00:41:14,000 After the FBI investigates an anonymous gravesite, DNA tests on the remains are compared to samples procured from Everett's relatives. 380 00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:22,000 The circumstances seemed to conclusively show that this was the skeleton of Everett Roos. 381 00:41:23,000 --> 00:41:26,000 A very big mystery finally solved. 382 00:41:27,000 --> 00:41:31,000 But just two months later, those hopes are dashed. 383 00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:39,000 It turns out that due to a software glitch, the original DNA tests were wrong. 384 00:41:40,000 --> 00:41:43,000 The body was not that of Everett Roos. 385 00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:49,000 To this day, no one knows what became of the young vagabond. 386 00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:57,000 It's an enduring mystery. Everett Roos remains one of the most completely vanished people of the 20th century. 387 00:41:58,000 --> 00:42:10,000 Today, the grand staircase Escalante is now a national monument that will always serve as a reminder of the legendary young man who disappeared without a trace. 388 00:42:13,000 --> 00:42:21,000 From a race to the skies to an airborne disaster, a marble crypt to a Hollywood star. 389 00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:27,000 I'm Don Wildman and these are Monumental Mysteries.